Why You Should Purchase A PC

PCs can do more things consistently. There are numerous favorable circumstances to realizing how to utilize a PC, and it is significant that everybody realize how to utilize them appropriately. Utilizing the data I have accumulated, and my own insight from my 12 years of PC experience, I will clarify the numerous favorable circumstances of claiming a PC and realizing how to utilize a PC and I will endeavor to clarify why you should buy a PC and figure out how to utilize one appropriately. Webster’s New World Compact Dictionary characterizes a PC as â€Å"an electronic machine that performs quick, complex estimations or assembles and connects ata† (†Computer. ). While this definition gives one a thin perspective on what a PC can do, it depicts the essential thoughts of what I will develop. We have been surviving a period of PCs for a brief timeframe now and there are now numerous individuals worldwide that are PC educated. As per Using Computers: A Gateway to Information World Wide Web Edition, more than 250 million Personal Computers (PC’s) were being used by 1995, and one out of each three homes had a PC (Shelly, Cashman,& Waggoner, 138). PCs are anything but difficult to utilize when you know how they work and what the parts re. All PCs play out the four essential activities of the data handling cycle: input, procedure, yield, and capacity. Information, any sort of crude realities, is required for the handling cycle to happen. Information is prepared into valuable data by the PC equipment. Most PC frameworks comprise of a screen, a framework unit which contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU), a floppy-circle drive, a CD-ROM drive, speakers, a console, a mouse, and a printer. Every segment takes a section in one of the four activities. The console and mouse are input gadgets that an individual uses to enter information nto the PC. From that point the information goes to the framework unit where it is handled into valuable data the PC can comprehend and work with. Next the handled information can be sent to capacity gadgets or to yield gadgets. Regularly yield is sent to the screen and put away on the hard-circle or to a floppy-plate found inside of the framework unit. Yield can likewise be printed out through the printer, or can be played through the speakers as sound contingent upon the structure it takes after it is prepared. When you have gotten a handle on a fundamental comprehension of the essential parts and perations of a PC, you can before long find what you can do with PCs to make life simpler and progressively pleasant. Being PC proficient permits you to utilize numerous ground-breaking programming applications and utilities to accomplish work for school, business, or joy. Microsoft is the current driving maker of a large number of these applications and utilities. Microsoft produces programming considered working frameworks that oversee and manage the data preparing cycle. The most seasoned of these is MS-DOS, a solitary client framework that utilizations composed orders to start undertakings. As of now Microsoft has accessible working frameworks that utilization obvious signals, for example, symbols to help enter information and run programs. These working frameworks are ran under a situation called a Graphical User Interface (GUI’s). Such working frameworks incorporate Windows 3. xx, Windows 95, and Windows NT Workstation. Windows 95 is designed more for use in the home for profitability and game playing though Windows NT is more business orientated. The article entitled â€Å"Mine, All Mine† in the June 5, 1995 issue of Time expressed that 8 out of 10 PC’s worldwide would not have the option to begin or run on the off chance that it were not for Microsoft’s working frameworks like MS-DOS, Windows 95, and Windows NT (Elmer-Dewitt, 1995, p. 50). In no way, shape or form has Microsoft restricted itself to working frameworks alone. Microsoft has additionally delivered a product bundle called Microsoft Office that is extremely helpful in making reports, information bases, spreadsheets, introductions, and different records for school and work. Microsoft Office: Introductory Concepts and Techniques gives a definite, bit by bit way to deal with the four projects remembered for Microsoft Office. Remembered for this bundle are Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Microsoft Word is a word handling program cap makes making proficient looking archives, for example, declarations, resumes, letters, address books, and reports simple to do. Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet program, has highlights for information association, counts, dynamic, and diagramming. It is exceptionally valuable in making proficient looking reports. Microsoft Access, a ground-breaking database the executives framework, is valuable in making and handling information in a database. Microsoft PowerPoint is â€Å".. a total introduction illustrations program that permits you to create proficient looking presentations† (Shelly, Cashman, and Vermaat, 2). PowerPoint is adaptable enough so you can make electronic introductions, overhead transparencies, or even 35mm slides. Microsoft likewise creates diversion and reference programs. â€Å"Microsoft’s Flight Simulator is a standout amongst other selling PC rounds of all time† (Elmer-Dewitt, 50). Microsoft’s Encarta is an electronic CD-ROM reference book that makes for an incredible option in contrast to 20 or more volume book reference books. Truth be told, it is so well known, it surpasses the Encyclopedia Britannica. These ground-breaking business, efficiency, and amusement applications are only the start of what you a do with a PC. Realizing how to utilize the Internet will permit you access to an immense asset of realities, information, data, and amusement that can assist you with accomplishing work and have a fabulous time. As indicated by Netscape Navigator 2 running under Windows 3. , â€Å"the Internet is an assortment of systems, every one of which is made out of an assortment of littler networks† (Shelly, Cashman, and Jordan, N2). Data can be sent over the Internet through correspondence lines as designs, sound, video, activity, and text. These types of PC media are known as hypermedia. Hypermedia is gotten to through hypertext joins, which are pointers to the PC where the hypermedia is put away. The World Wide Web (WWW) is the assortment of these hypertext connects all through the Internet. Every PC that contains hypermedia on the WWW is known as a Web website and has Web pages set up for clients to get to the hypermedia. Programs, for example, Netscape permit individuals to â€Å"surf the net† and quest for their preferred hypermedia. There are a large number of instances of hypermedia on the Internet. You can discover craftsmanship, photographs, data on business, the legislature, and schools, TV chedules, film surveys, music verses, online news and magazines, sport sights of numerous types, games, books, and a large number of other hypermedia on the WWW. You can send electronic mail (E-Mail), visit with different clients around the globe, purchase aircraft, sports, and music tickets, and shop for a house or a vehicle. The entirety of this, and that's only the tip of the iceberg, furnishes one with a boundless flexibly of data for research, business, diversion, or other individual use. Online administrations, for example, America Online, Prodigy, or CompuServe make it much simpler to get to the intensity of the Internet. The Internet alone is nearly reason enough to become PC proficient, however there is still significantly more that PCs can do. Realizing how to utilize a PC permits you to do an assortment of things in a few distinct manners. One of the most famous use for PCs today is for playing computer games. With a PC you can play games, reproduction games, sport games, system games, battling games, and experience games. Today’s innovation gives a definitive encounters in shading, illustrations, sound, music, full movement video, activity, and 3D impacts. PCs have additionally become progressively valuable n the music, film, and media business. PCs can be utilized to make music, make audio cues, make enhancements, make 3D life-like activity, and include past existing film and TV film into new projects, as found in the film Forrest Gump. This and more should be possible with PCs. There is genuinely no time like the present to become PC educated. PCs will do considerably more things later on and will get unavoidable. Buying and finding out about another PC currently will help put PC’s into the other 66% of the homes worldwide and make the progress into a PC age simpler.

35 Words Frequently Found in Compounds

35 Words Frequently Found in Compounds 35 Words Frequently Found in Compounds 35 Words Frequently Found in Compounds By Mark Nichol The subject of mixes, perpetual or transitory blends of words brief as in they are â€Å"invented† for the event yet are not in like manner use is a convoluted issue since whether a compound utilizing a given word is unguarded (with letter spaces between the constituent words), hyphenated, or shut (with no letter spaces) is normally conflicting. Here’s a manual for the most widely recognized compound structure squares and how to treat exacerbates that utilization them. 1. Hurt: Headache and comparable words are constantly shut mixes. 2. Every single: Phrasal descriptive word like â€Å"all out† are hyphenated before a thing (â€Å"This implies full scale war†). In word intensifying structure, such expressions are open: â€Å"She went all out with an end goal to dazzle him†). 3. Book: Many exacerbates that incorporate book are shut (handbook); terms not recorded in the word reference ought to be open. 4. Borne: Some structures are shut (airborne); hyphenate mixes not found in the word reference. 5. Century: This word is never hyphenated in a thing expression (â€Å"twenty-first century†), yet it is hyphenated to the remainder of the expression when the expression fills in as a phrasal descriptor before a thing (â€Å"twenty-first-century mind-set†). 6. Counter: Compound things are quite often shut (catchword). 7. Cross: Leave mixes, for example, â€Å"cross section† open except if they are hyphenated or shut in the word reference. 8. E: The prefix for electronic ought to be hyphenated in all uses, just as lowercase aside from when the word starts a sentence. (I incline toward email, digital book, and so on., however this is a minority position famous in innovative distributions yet not somewhere else.) 9. Choose: Hyphenate in such use as â€Å"secretary-elect,† yet preclude hyphens when the other term is itself an open compound (â€Å"secretary general elect†). 10. Ever: Generally hyphenate before a thing (â€Å"ever-hopeful attitude†), yet once in a while shut (evergreen). 11. Ex: Always hyphenate aside from with an open compound; all things considered, utilize an en run after ex. On the off chance that your Web website doesn't utilize en runs, rephrase to stay away from unbalanced utilization of hyphens (â€Å"former bad habit president† instead of â€Å"ex-bad habit president†). 12. Extra: Nouns and descriptive words (extraterrestrial) are quite often shut, however check the word reference; special cases incorporate â€Å"extra-point statistics.† Informal verb modifiers are open (â€Å"be extra careful†). 13. Cultivate: Compound things are consistently open (â€Å"foster family†); phrasal modifiers are hyphenated before a thing (â€Å"foster-care specialist†). 14. Free: Hyphenate when a thing when free is the second component in a compound (â€Å"scot-free†). 15. Full: Hyphenate before a thing (â€Å"full-time employee†). 16. General: Compounds with general as the subsequent component are consistently open (â€Å"major general†); the principal word, not general, takes the plural structure (â€Å"secretaries general†). 17. Excellent: Compounds indicating family relationship that incorporate this word are constantly shut (grandkid). Mixes in which stupendous is a descriptive word indicating status are consistently open (â€Å"grand dame,† â€Å"grand marshal†). 18. Extraordinary: This word is hyphenated in mixes meaning connection (â€Å"great-grandchild†). 19. Half: Compound things are consistently open (â€Å"half dozen†). Phrasal descriptive words are hyphenated when a thing (â€Å"half-eaten†). Check the word reference for lasting shut mixes (halftime). 20. House: Compounds are open except if shut in the word reference (â€Å"house cat,† however family unit). 21. In-law: Compounds with in and law as the second and third components are constantly hyphenated; the main word, not law, takes the plural structure (sisters-in-law). 22. Like: Hyphenate mixes in which like is the second component when a thing except if the compound is shut in the word reference; hyphenate if the last letter of the former word is a l (snail-like) or a y (residence like). 23. Close: Compound things are open (â€Å"near miss†); hyphenate modifiers before a thing (â€Å"near-term strategy†). Myopic, be that as it may, is shut. 24. Odd: Always hyphenate mixes remembering odd as the second component for the feeling of â€Å"approximately† (thirty-odd). 25. Off: Phrasal descriptive words are hyphenated before a thing (a â€Å"off-kilter column†); hyphenate intensifiers (â€Å"sang off-key†). Hyphenate mixes in which off is the subsequent component (heat off). Note that style is sometimes conflicting among on and off antonyms (on-screen, however offscreen). 26. Old: Compound things in which old is the last component are constantly hyphenated (â€Å"my six-year-old†); phrasal modifiers including the word are hyphenated before a thing (â€Å"six-month-old policy†). 27. On: Hyphenate descriptors and verb modifiers beginning with on that are not in the word reference. (See the note at off about irregularity.) 28. Over: Compounds including this word, paying little heed to grammatical form, are constantly shut. 29. Semi: Hyphenate phrasal descriptors (â€Å"quasi-legal proceedings†); some logical terms are shut (quasiparticle). 30. Venture: In connection terms, consistently shut (stepmother) except if going before amazing or incredible (advance grandma). 31. Style: Compound things are open (â€Å"art deco style†); hyphenate descriptive and word intensifying structures (â€Å"family-style dining†; â€Å"dined family-style†). 32. Under: Compounds including this word, paying little heed to grammatical feature, are constantly shut. 33. Bad habit: Compound things are open (VP), hyphenated (bad habit emissary), or shut (emissary); hyphenate if not in the word reference. 34. Web: Compound things are open (â€Å"web press† â€Å"food web†) or shut (webfoot, spiderweb); check the word reference. Terms relating to the World Wide Web follow similar varieties (â€Å"web page,† â€Å"webmaster†). Numerous distributions style site as single word, and The Chicago Manual of Style has yielded this reality, however Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary remains by â€Å"Web site† (which is additionally my inclination). 35. Wide: When wide is the main component in the compound, hyphenate before a thing (â€Å"wide-extending talents†). At the point when it is the subsequent component, hyphenate the compound in the event that it doesn't show up not shut in the word reference; numerous distributions hyphenate such mixes in which the principal component finishes in y (network wide). Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Congratulations on or for?3 Types of Headings10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

Marking time

Marking time Warning: My life is so not interesting right now. Were all moved into the apartment, and have all kinds of grownup things like furniture, lightbulbs, and cleaning supplies under the sink. I thought wed be done moving by Saturday night, but we really didnt clean out all of the boxes until this morning. Moving is tiring! Somewhat relevant moving tip: Since you wont be moving into your final dorm room until after the final housing lottery, its a good idea to pack a suitcase with about a weeks worth of clothes so you dont have to unpack and then repack your temp room. Its also a good idea to pack light and buy as much as you can once you get to campus. I did not follow this advice when I was a freshman, and let me tell you what, it was not fun to move into my permanent room. (Mostly there are helpful upperclassmen around to help you move. But I was only moving to a different room on the same floor, so I roughed it out myself.) Since its really warmed up in Cambridge over the past few days, Adam and I have been ODing on ice cream we went to Toscis in Central Square on Sunday night, ate ice cream sandwiches at home last night, and went across the river to JP Licks tonight. I love being on campus during the summer. This is my third summer in a row in Cambridge, and I wouldnt want to be anywhere else. I am proud to announce that I basically taught myself how to use Photoshop for scientific applications today. Check out this figure, coming soon to a piece of the scientific literature near you: Yeah, I did that. I got my last grade in today. (MIT grades go up on the WebSIS in a more-or-less completely haphazard way, and its not unusual to be waiting for your grades for a week or so.) Ive fulfilled all my requirements, and Ive completed 270 units outside the GIRs, and Im totally going to graduate! Shameless plug: Check out the newest episode of ZigZag tomorrow you might see somebody you recognize (other than Matt, that is). Questions! 1. Thanks all of you for your kind words. Ill keep blogging as long as The Boss lets me. :) 2. Carolina asked, I know you have to take a Swim Test but thats about it. Well, what if you cant swim to save your life (literally)? If you cant swim well enough to pass the swim test (and a good number of people cant!), you have to take a beginner swim PE class. Relatedly, there was a recent story in the Boston Globe about seniors having to take the swim test to graduate. (I think the swim requirement is completely obnoxious. But the people at DAPER like to keep themselves necessary, I guess.) 3. Mike asked, At MIT, do you have to do a senior thesis? My english teacher often mentions them, but as a senior, I never heard you mention one throughout the year. Some majors have a senior thesis requirement (mechanical engineering, for example). Others dont have an explicit senior thesis, but all majors do have communication intensive courses which require reading and writing about the departments subject matter. Biology majors, for example, have to take Project Lab, which is a 24-unit lab course with a major writing component but its usually taken in the junior year. Adam just finished the writing component of his aero/astro senior project; course 16 students propose, design, and write about their projects second term junior year, then build and test them first term senior year.

Social Inequality And Gender Inequality Essay - 2091 Words

Social inequality is defined as the set of unequal opportunities for different social classes or statuses for various individuals within a group or society. It usually refers to people of distinct genders, ages, and ethnicities. Many American’s have experienced some type of social inequality throughout their lifetime. America’s gaping inequality is seen everywhere from education to the workforce. Society tends to oversee inequality based on race, gender, and other social characteristics . Americans believe that racial discrimination no longer hinders or affects the advancement of minorities. Racial and ethnic actions are still being taken towards minorities in education, employment, housing, arrests, and many other issues of society. Social inequality and discrimination towards minorities is clear in everyday society. This can be seen by the way inequality is still persistent among the social classes. Among these classes formed by society, minorities tend to be one of the most affected. This is noticed by the way education remains segregated, the wage inequality, and the constant cycle of poverty. Many have used their voice to shine light on these issues, articles and authors such as â€Å"Social Inequality and Educational Disadvantage† by the Russel Sage Foundation argue the lack of equal assortment of resources between the rich and the poor is leaving them with the disparity of proper resources, and Jean Anyon’s â€Å"From Social Class and The Hidden Curriculum of Work† in herShow MoreRelatedSocial Inequality And Gender Inequality Essay2163 Words   |  9 Pagesn AmericaSocial inequality is defined as the set of unequal for different social classes or statuses for various individuals within a group or society. It usually refers to people of distinct genders, ages and ethnicities. Many American’s have experienced some type of social inequality throughout their lifetime. 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The best explanation on why gender inequality is, always has been, and will continue to be a social problem is from the functionalist perspective. Functionalist focus on how a society creates the social problem an d then analyzes how and why the social issue has been maintained over the years. The objective reality is that gender inequality has and always will be a major issue in society. The scope of gender inequality has changedRead MoreGender Inequality And The Social Construction Of Gender1562 Words   |  7 Pagesthe differences in the social construction of gender, race, class, and sexuality have led to discrimination and inequality of those classified under a variety of these categories. Through understanding the significance of these social constructs on society it becomes apparent the intersectionality they have when it comes to understanding why certain groups may face discrimination or inequality. 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The importance of having different ‘classes’ in society is that it defines who will be the one who serves those at the top and those who will be at the top. Although the separation of each class gives a clearer definition of who we are in society we should notRead MoreGender Inequality And Relevant Social Norms959 Words   |  4 PagesBuilt on the racial inequality discussed in the previous session, we continued to examine gender inequality and relevant social norms. It is interesting for me to see several female students, such as Teresa, Barbara, Katy, are not uncomfortable with being considered as inferior to their male counterparts in family and the external society. However, when imagining they had daughters, they unanimously said that they would love to teach their daughters to be independent and non-obedient. In my opinion

Racism as a Message in a Lesson Before Dying - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 737 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Lesson Before Dying Essay Racism Essay Did you like this example? As Jefferson finds himself, in the wrong place watching a robbery of a liquor store. He himself is convicted and sentenced to death by an electric chair. A lesson before dying by Ernest J. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racism as a Message in a Lesson Before Dying" essay for you Create order Gaines writes with the message about how people are treated based on their race. Jeffersons defense attorney pleads with the court as hes being convicted to death by comparing him to a hog who isnt even worth executing. Grant Wiggins is a character who is an educated black teacher in the same town, who is also treated differently compared to others based on his race. Nearing the end closing onto the time before Jefferson is about to die, he begins to regain his humanity and starts recording his thoughts in a diary. As Jefferson dies in the end, he turns into more of a human than a hog and, In the end, he dies with the dignity of changing himself into the person he wants to be. Gaines book set in the time before the Civil rights movements has the main idea about the brutal system that is tinted in racism, judgment, and treatment of African Americans. Gaines supports his theme of racism throughout the book with certain sentences such as I had come through that back door against my will, and it seemed that he and the sheriff were doing everything they could to humiliate me even more by making me wait on them (44) as the author is explaining that white people are allowed to humiliate black people without facing them or even speaking to them. As the idea of entering in the back door brings the idea of the segregation of blacks and white being separated in entering through separate doors. The idea of the people who enter through the back door (African American) has to wait till the white people have eaten or been served which shows the idea of control over others lives. Ernest J. Gaines books setting takes place in the pre-civil rights movements in Louisiana wi th signs of segregation between blacks and whites. In Gaines book A lesson before dying, there are 3 main characters that reveal the main points in the book. Grant Wiggins plays the role as the protagonist in the book, the narrator who experiences the most changes throughout the book as he starts looking for what he can change and help his community after he had given up the change in education. The mentor in the book is the character, Jefferson. He starts out as a quite character, but gets thrown into a tough situation nearing the end, he doesnt let people define who he is as a person, he defines himself as a man, and he helps to teach Grant to do that as well. With the major idea of racism being the message Gaines is portraying to the reader, a sentence to the reader that helps support the theme of racism would be We black men have failed to protect our women since the time of slavery. We stay here in the South and are broken, or we run away and leave them alone to look after the children and themselves (166) this message said by Grant shows an inside to the historical effects of slavery on society and how societal structures and relationships are affected. Carl Senna, the writer of the article Dying like a man, says in his writing a white sheriff tells a condemned black man to write in his diary that he has been fairly treated. Although the prisoner assents, nothing could be farther from the truth (Senna, Carl. Dying Like a Man. The New York Times, The New York Times, 8 Aug. 1993, archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/12/28/bsp/16002.html.) which goes along of stating that the white sheriff wants the black man to lie and write he h as been treated well which is the opposite of what has happened. Throughout the Book, the author Gaines has one strong message that stands out more than others, which is about racism. How the treatment of people is based on the color of their skin, and the journey of one character being falsely accused of a crime he did not commit, but at the end of it all, learning to not let others define who he is and even though he ends up dying in the end, he dies with dignity and whom he wants to be as a person.

Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in New Zealand Free Essays

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes are major health issues for Maori, Pacific and south Asian people. The impacts of these diseases are increasing hospital admissions and readmissions hence increasing with an aging population. (Kaitiaki Nursing, New Zealand, 2013, pg. We will write a custom essay sample on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in New Zealand or any similar topic only for you Order Now 20). Diabetes mellitus has been well pronounced as a cardiovascular risk factor in New Zealand and people with diabetes are 2-4 times more likely to suffer from CVD hence is a leading cause of death in diabetic patients (ministry of health, 2011, pg. 2). Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a preventable and reversible condition giving rise to a range of serious complications associated with nerve and blood vessel damage that bring on blindness, limb amputations, kidney disease, and increased risk of infection (Powers, 2005). According to Diabetes New Zealand (2008), people with diabetes increases the risk of developing narrowed, thickened or completely occluded arteries (atherosclerosis) due to an elevated blood sugar level. Insulin resistant diabetes (type 2) or a complete absence of insulin (type 1) increases serum lipid levels as cells try to break down fats and protein to form energy. Lipids are released as the bio-product which then travels in blood increasing the risk for occlusion in blood vessels. Hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and altered serum lipid levels are responsible for formation of coronary plaque and blood clot in vessels. This leads to health issues such as ischaemic heart disease, stroke, hypertension myocardial infarction etc. (Lewis, 2012, 1388-1389). In New Zealand Maori, Pacific Islanders and South Asians are at a higher risk of developing diabetes, increasing chances of dying of cardiovascular diseases. Modifiable factors such as nutrition, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption and body size influence the risk of getting affected by diabetes and CVD. According to Ministry of Health (2008) diabetes occurs earlier in Pacific and Maori peoples, about 10 years before Europeans which contributes to an increased risk of chronic health conditions and mortality rate. It is appraised that due to demographic trends and projected growth in obesity, the number of diabetes cases will increase and the increase will be greater within the Maori, Pacific, and south Asian populations (Ministry of Health, 2008d). 5% of adults in New Zealand meet the criteria for obesity due to lifestyle, unhealthy nutrition and increased physical inactivity (eg. 42% of Maori and 63. 7% of Pacific peoples meet the criteria for obesity). The New Zealand Medical Journal, 2006 states that Asian new Zealanders especially Indians show a very high percentage of diabetes and CVD which is similar to Maori people (A meratunga, Rasanathan, Tse, 2006). According to the Ministry of Health (2009), more Maori, South Asian and pacific people died from the year 1987- 2006 when compared to non-Maori. Obesity is primarily caused by poor nutrition and sedentary lifestyles (Ministry of Health, 2008e). The New Zealand sport and physical activity surveys (conducted in 1997/98, 1998/99, and 2000/01) by Sport and Recreation New Zealand (SPARC) found that Pacific, Maori and south Asian children had higher levels of inactivity than other groups. Additionally, a healthy diet is a key determinant of health outcomes and is particularly important for the growth and development. With regards to ministry of health (2003), Maori, south Asian and more of pacific people in new Zealand tend to eat more unhealthy food as it came cheaper and children skipped breakfast due to lack of parental supervision. Smoking is seen to be another lifestyle adaptation amongst the New Zealand community and the leading risk factor for many forms of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. More Maori and Pacific individuals’ smoke (45 percent and 31 percent, respectively) compared with the total New Zealand population (20. percent) (Ministry of Health, 2008k). The Youth 2007 Survey found that twice as many Pacific students are regular smokers when compared to European students. Furthermore, level of economic resources available to the pacific and south asian people is another important social determinants of health. Asians generally do not show increased health issues statistically but south Asian particularly Indians are at a very high risk. Despite high levels of disease, Indi an New Zealanders are rarely presumed as a priority group in current diabetes strategies. For example, â€Å"Let’s Beat Diabetes Strategy† by Counties Manukau District Health Board fails to mention Indian people specifically but considers the general Asian population. Another possibility for the disproportionate effect on south Asian and pacific people could be higher levels of unemployment and lower income as a group (ministry of health, 2006). This is partly due to a lack of effective settlement strategies for migrant Asians and pacific people to New Zealand. Lack of employment and difficulties settling into the host community are associated with negative health effects and reduced accessibility to health care facility (Ameratunga, Rasanathan, Tse, 2006). The risk associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease can be reduced and these conditions only respond well if managed with appropriate care. Evidence proposes that many Pacific individuals are often ignorant of the government services offered to them (Koloto Associates Ltd, 2007; Paterson, 2004). This demonstrates ineffective communication by health information services and providers. Primarily, nurses need to build a trusting therapeutic relationship via therapeutic communication techniques such as active listening, paraphrasing etc. It facilitates client autonomy, creates a non-judgmental environment and provides the professional with the holistic view of the client for better management. With reference to the case study by Counties Manukau DHB (Ministry of Health, 2011, pg. 6) the diabetic patient (Mr Cooper) found it difficult to follow instructions given by the doctor therefore his diabetes nurse helped him with all the information he needed. He verbalised ‘I learned a lot from the nurse. I learned how serious diabetes is and how it is not going to go away, but also how it is possible to live a normal life if you manage what you eat, etc. ’ This specifies that nurses are the closest health professionals who spends the most time with patients and so can work with the patients in partnership. In order to manage diabetes and CVD effectively (Ministry of health, 2011, pg. 2), it is very important for nurses to educate their patients about the risk factors and what needs to be done to improve early detection and management of diabetes and CVD. Adherence to therapies anticipated to control risk factors such as lipid levels or blood pressure for patients with type 2 diabetes is seen to reduce major cardiovascular complications and increase survival (Barrat, Butow, Caldwell, Davey Travena, 2006,pg. 13-23) . One probable way to improve patients’ metabolic control is to help them understand the risks of the disease and the likely benefits of available therapy options. Research has shown that information on the potential benefits of improving modifiable risk factors may assist both health professionals and patients in making treatment decision. This may increase patients’ willingness to accept management strategies recommended by their doctors and nurses. In fact, nurses as health educators can use diverse formats (e. g. decision aids, brochures, verbal advice) increasing patients’ knowledge and understanding (Barrat, Butow, Caldwell, Davey Travena, 2006, 13-23). However, as suggested by the New Zealand Guidelines Group (2003) nurses and other health professionals need to make use of an evidence-based practice in the management of diabetes as well as assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, despite CVD and diabetes assessments being developed, uptake is often low. A possible reason for this is that many Pacific and Maori people do not prioritise health and generally would not seek any help unless they have physical symptoms such as pain or discomfort. With reference to nursing council of New Zealand competency 3. 2 forming partnership with the client and raising awareness for example informing and referring Maori patients about management programmes such as â€Å"Get Checked† which provides free annual check-up for people with diabetes. This programme focuses on physical health, lifestyle and disease management. According to Robson and Harris (2007), Maori enrolment in get checked programme in 2006 was lower than non-Maori. This is a clear indicator of moari people’s lack of knowledge about services being provided. However, nurses as professionals should practice nursing in a very culturally safe manner by acknowledging patients values beliefs and attitude towards health care. For example Maori people believe in â€Å"kanohi te kanohi† meaning face to face communication therefore nurses need to have more in person communication (Reid Robson, 2007). Nurses should also inform clients about initiatives for example â€Å"one heart many lives† which allows Maori and pacific men to get their hearts checked, improve awareness of heart disease and lifestyle habits. Furthermore, CVD assessment allows an early detection of the number of people being at risk of cardiovascular disease. The sooner it is detected the earlier these issues can be controlled as stated in the document published by the ministry of health (2011). The practice nurse is the key person to co-ordinate care for instance after reviewing a diabetic patient he or she may decide to refer the patient to the dietician. This way the patient is given an efficient holistic care with appropriate information (Kaitiaki Nursing, New Zealand, 2013, pg. 27) Nurses need to collaborate with the clients, agree on patient centered health goals such as promotion, prevention and early management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease by setting achievable and measurable goals. For example, ministry of health national health information Board launched a Shared Care Plan in 2011 which was in response to increasing number of deaths due to poor management of chronic illnesses. This programme aims to improve care of patients by increasing patient involvement (Kaitiaki Nursing, New Zealand, march, 2013, pg. 26). The New Zealand Cardiovascular Risk Chart shows that diabetic people who smoke are at much higher risk of developing CVD when compared to a non-diabetic and non-smoker (New Zealand guidelines Group, 2009). According to Solberg (2006) there is evidence that professional advice given by the health care provider helps patients to quit smoking. Nurses can effectively use the ABC tool provided by the ministry of health (2007) to help patients to quit smoking. Nurses need to inform clients about the advantages of being a non-smoker financially and health wise and provide alternative as to how nicotine replacement therapy helps minimise the urge to smoke. A practice nurse is responsible for most of patients’ assessments and health education, therefore nurses need to understand the standpoint of her patient and what does being healthy means to them. Establishing relationships and understanding their culture and customs. For example food plays a big role in pacific, Maori and south Asian culture. Family involvement in care plan is very important in shaping attitudes and activities as family plays an important role in their lives also explaining the effects of unhealthy and sedentary lifestyle. Nurses should use plain language and ensure the patient and their family understands what changes they need to make and why they need to make them. They should also make sure that the patient and family are fully informed about the care plan and any procedures being done to maximise care (Blakely, 2007). In conclusion it can be said that patients are fully dependant on nurses with regards to any health issues they have. Nurses are the first form of contact to patient in primary and secondary care setting who provides them with accurate information. It is very important for nurses to be aware of the fact that Maori, Pacific and South Asian New Zealander are more proned to diabetes and CVD therefore more emphasis should be given to them. During the assessment nurses should always consider patients socio-economic inequality, access to and quality of health care, and health risk factors such as tobacco, diet, and other lifestyle factors. How to cite Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in New Zealand, Papers

Linux 2 Essay Example For Students

Linux 2 Essay Table of Contents LINUXI.IntroductionA. What is Linux1. Where did Linux came from2. When was Linux introduced3. Types of LinuxB. Benefits of Linux1. Performance2. Usability3. Features4. CostII.Getting StartedA.System RequirementsB.InstallationIII.Cool StuffA.X WindowsB.Networking C.System AdministrationIV.ConclusionWhat is LINUX?LINUX is a free, highly advanced, open-source operating system for PCs and Workstations. Technically, LINUX is an operating system kernel, the core part of an operating system. The LINUX kernel is commonly bundled with many other components to form a complete LINUX System or Distribution. When most people refer to LINUX, they are talking about this complete set of programs needed to run a computer, not just the kernel. Many people know of, or have at least heard of, UNIX. UNIX is both one of the oldest and one of the most powerful operating systems available today. How can UNIX be old and yet powerful by todays standards†, you ask. The answer to this qu estion lies in the history of UNIX; UNIX is a sort of subset of a much larger and more complex operating system called MULTICS. Both UNIX and MULTICS were developed decades ago for very large computers; only now, decades later are personal computers finally powerful enough to tackle these multitasking, multi-user systems with advanced features. Getting back to the crux of our first fact, LINUX looks like UNIX. LINUX is not officially UNIX simply because it was not written by the same programmers as was the original UNIX system. However, LINUX runs UNIX programs and shares the UNIX command set. LINUX is, for all general intents and purposes, a full-featured UNIX-type operating system. Where did LINUX come from?UNIX is one of the most popular operating systems worldwide because of its large support base and distribution. It was originally developed at AT;T as a multitasking system for minicomputers and mainframes in the 1970s, but has since grown to become one of the most widely used operating systems anywhere, despite its sometimes confusing interface and lack of central standardization. Many hackers feel that UNIX is the â€Å"right thing† the â€Å"one true operating system†. Hence, the development of LINUX by an expanding group of UNIX hackers who want to get their hands â€Å"dirty† with their own system. Versions of UNIX exist for many systems, from personal computers to supercomputers like the Cray Y-MP. Most versions of UNIX for personal computers are expensive and cumbersome. A one-machine version of UNIX System V for the 386 costs about $1500. LINUX is a free version of a UNIX-type system, developed primarily by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki in Finland, with the help of many UNIX programmers and wizards across the Internet. Anyone with enough â€Å"know-how† and gumption can develop and change the system. The LINUX kernel uses no code from ATT or any other proprietary source, and much of the software availabl e for LINUX was developed by the GNU project of the Free Software Foundation in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. However, programmers from all over the world have contributed to the growing pool of LINUX software. LINUX was originally developed as a hobby project by Linus Torvalds. It was inspired by MINIX, a small UNIX system developed by Andy Tanenbaum. The first discussions about LINUX were on the Usenet newsgroup, â€Å"comp.os.minix†. These discussions were concerned mostly with the development of a small, academic UNIX system for MINIX users who wanted more. The very early development of LINUX mostly dealt with the task-switching features of the 80386 protected-mode interface, all written in assembly code. When was LINUX introducedThe very first version of LINUX (version 0.01) was made available by Linus Torvalds around late August of 1991. It was not pretty, it had no floppy driver, and it could not do much of anything. I am not sure if anybody ever compiled that versi on. No announcement was ever made for LINUX version 0.01. The version 0.01 sources were not even executable. They contained only the bare rudiments of the kernel source and assumed that you had access to a Minix machine to compile and experiment with them. On October 5, 1991, Linus announced the first â€Å"official† version of LINUX, which was version 0.02. At that point, Linus was able to run bash (the GNU Bourne Again Shell) and gcc (the GNU C compiler), but not much else. Again, this was intended as a hackers system. The primary focus was kernel development user support, documentation, and distribution had not yet been addressed. Today, the LINUX community still seems to treat these issues as secondary to â€Å"real programming† kernel development. After version 0.03, Linus bumped up the version number to 0.10, as more people started to work on the system. After several further revisions, Linus increased the version number to 0.95 in March 1992, to reflect his ex pectation that the system was ready for an â€Å"official† release soon. (Generally, software is not assigned the version number 1.0 until it is theoretically complete or bug-free.). Almost a year and a half later, in late December of 1993, the LINUX kernel was still at version 0.99. As of May 1999, â€Å"Red Hat† LINUX has â€Å"officially† released a version 6.0 of the LINUX kernel. I have not tried it yet, because it will be available starting on the 26th May 1999 and this paper is due on the 20th May 1999. Anyway, back to LINUX! Most of the major, free UNIX software packages have been ported to LINUX, and commercial software is available. More hardware is supported than in the original kernel versions. Many people have executed benchmarks on 80486 LINUX systems and found them comparable with mid-range workstations from Sun Microsystems and Digital Equipment Corporation. Who would have ever guessed that this â€Å"little† UNIX clone would have grown up to take on the entire world of personal computing? Types of LINUXThe question always arises at to which LINUX is the real one, or where to get the official version of LINUX. Unfortunately, this question really has no answer. The only part of LINUX, which is â€Å"officially†, LINUX is the core of LINUX, otherwise known as the kernel. All programs, appearances, configurations, startup code, and installation programs are provided as parts of what are called LINUX distributions. A distribution is simply a collection of programs and utilities, which turn the LINUX core (or kernel) into a fully functional UNIX-type system. Unfortunately, each distribution is slightly different and can greatly effect the users initial impression of LINUX. Different distributions will present the user with different initial configurations for LINUX. There are a number of LINUX distributions out there, both on the Web and on CD-ROM. Some are more businesslike; others are more playful or wild. Below is a brief summary regarding some of the major distributions. ? Red Hat LINUX UNIX for Windows users. This is the easiest transition into the UNIX world you can possibly hope for if youre a Windows user. Red Hat attempts to provide exceptional functionality and stability while keeping the system relatively easy to use and graphically oriented. Make no mistake, you will still have to learn about UNIX and the command line, but you will at least have something up and running by the time you are ready to hit the books. ? Slackware LINUX UNIX for UNIX hackers. Slackware, released several times per year, loves to provide cutting edge and beta applications and system code, and really gives that get your hands dirty feel. Dont be confused by its insider attitude, however. Slackware is very complete and can provide a serious platform for beginners and migrating Windows network users. Slackware simply requires a little more elbow grease and study to get going. Once going, Slackware feels mu ch more like UNIX than does Red Hat. ? Caldera OpenLINUX UNIX for business guys. If youre afraid that your boss wont like seeing LINUX on your desktop, and you have decided against Red Hat for one reason or another, Calderas OpenLINUX is the next logical choice. OpenLINUX is built by Caldera from the ground up for the business community; OpenLINUX often includes an office suite and telephone support. OpenLINUX also comes in several versions, from a small version for desktops to a big, ugly version for network servers. ? Debian GNU/LINUX UNIX for purists. Debian GNU/LINUX is a sort of spiritual operating system, and both its website and its distribution remind me of those of the more official UNIXes like the *BSD projects. If you are interested in LINUX, but cant loose the hang-up about LINUX not being the true and official UNIX, maybe youll feel a little more at ease using Debian GNU/LINUX. PerformanceMany benchmarks have been conducted by independent organizations, pitting LINUX against Windows NT and against the various flavors of UNIX. Apart from one study that is discussed later in this section, it appears that LINUX quite consistently beats NT not only on single-processor machines, but also on multi-processor machines on which NT is expected to scale better on account of its multi-threaded architecture. LINUX seems able to deliver good performance even with heavyweight processes instead of the lightweight threads that NT uses. Process forking in LINUX is particularly efficient, almost obviating the need for threads. LINUX also narrowly beats Solaris on its home ground, SPARC hardware, albeit only single-processor SPARC machines. UNIX systems, LINUX included, treat graphics as a user-level application that can be optionally run. Reasonably, sophisticated graphical interfaces exist for LINUX, but these are not tightly integrated with the operating system kernel. They can be switched off when not required. On servers, graphics capability is an unnecessary overhead most of the time. Typically, on UNIX servers, LINUX included, the graphical interface is invoked only when the system is being administrated, and turned off at all other times, delivering a significant performance boost to the system, because graphics is a very resource-intensive capability. The Windows design, by contrast, suffers from an overly tight integration of the graphics subsystem with the kernel (unsurprising in view of its desktop roots), and this design model will forever reduce performance in its role as a server operating system. Perhaps LINUX will lose its slim performance advantage against Solaris when it acquires more high-end features and grows in size. Time will tell. However, the constant fine-tuning of the kernel by a worldwide group of expert systems programmers could continue to give LINUX a performance lead even in future. It will be an interesting battle to watch. In April this year, a benchmark conducted by a company called Mindcraft reported that Windows NT with Microsofts IIS (Internet Information Server) performed 2.5 to 3.7 times faster than LINUX as a Windows fileserver (running Samba) and as a webserver (running Apache). This is somewhat surprising, because it is contrary to what several independent testers have found in the past, including emailprotected Reseller On-line. Subsequent information on the benchmark found that the NT machine used was highly tuned and optimized for the tested load, while the LINUX machine was not, a fact later admitted by Microsoft. It was also discovered that the benchmark was sponsored by Microsoft, and was not as independent as it was made out to be. (Microsoft still sports these figures, though). These facts therefore put the results under a cloud. For now, rather than debate the legitimacy of the Mindcraft benchmark, it is best that you design and conduct one yourself, tailoring it to your situation. After all, not everyone runs servers that are as high-end as that used in the benchmark . Microsoft admitted after internal testing that on the same hardware, Netscape Navigator on LINUX was 30-40% faster than Internet Explorer on Windows NT. Benchmarking, of course, ranks with lies, damned lies and statistics, but from a variety of sources, the impression one gets is that LINUX is one of the leanest and fastest operating systems available. With the new kernel (version 2.2), it has reportedly even drawn level with the ultrafast FreeBSD. Nevertheless, the LINUX vendors need to submit formal SPEC or TPC benchmark figures; otherwise, this sort of controversy could keep arising. Incidentally, the TPC benchmarks have a price/performance parameter, and LINUX should do very well on that!Usability Users accustomed to the friendly graphical interfaces of Windows and the Mac would reasonably balk at having to type commands in an arcane syntax. Nevertheless, things are changing fast. There are two graphical desktop environments for LINUX. KDE (K Desktop Environment) is the slight ly more mature one, and the main criticism heard about it these days is that its too clean and corporate. Gnome is a more fun interface that allows users to customize it ad infinitum. Neither interface is yet as polished and complete as the Windows or Mac desktops. However, they have developed to their current state in an amazingly short time (See screenshots located at the back of this document). Critics of LINUX must remember that the earliest versions of Windows were eminently forgettable, and it was only with version 3.1, appearing sometime in 1993, that Windows became usable. It took more than another 2 years for Windows to achieve its current levels of usability in the form of Windows 98. Given the current status of both LINUX desktop projects and their tremendous momentum, it seems reasonable to expect that this argument about LINUX not having a friendly graphical interface will wither away by the end of 1999. Besides, to turn the user-friendliness argument around, a command- line is an excellent alternative to a GUI in many situations. Even with an extremely friendly GUI, a user may find certain operations difficult to express with a graphical metaphor, for instance, pimping – I meant â€Å"piping† the output of one program to the input of another one. The powerful commands that can be chained together make the LINUX command line a very productive environment. Scripting is another very powerful UNIX mainstay, an area where predominantly GUI-based systems like Windows and the Mac are notoriously weak. The DOS batch files of Windows are pitifully inadequate compared to the basic UNIX shell script, while Applescript comes somewhat closer. Neither can match the breadth and power of LINUX scripting languages like Perl, Python, Tcl and Guile. That may explain why these languages are now being ported to Windows. It remains to be seen whether Windows 2000, with its promised Active Scripting using Visual Basic, brings Windows up to this level. Iron ically, with a graphical environment very similar to Windows or the Mac, LINUXs command-line and scripting interface will perhaps soon emerge as a major selling point for advanced users. Windows and Macintosh treat all users alike, irrespective of skill level, and do not allow users to acquire more control over their machines with increasing experience. UNIX and LINUX systems, on the other hand, scale extremely well with experience, rewarding advanced users with dramatically greater productivity. Therefore, the argument that LINUX has no friendly interface is now clearly untrue. The challenge for LINUX now is to develop graphical metaphors for its powerful command-line constructs as well. Piping and redirection through drag-and-drop, visual scripting, graphical representation of the powerful UNIX file abstraction, and other innovations can push the LINUX interface beyond the reach of Windows and Macintosh, because they lack the underlying architecture to support such visual represen tations. William Blake's Songs of Innocence and Experience EssayMice and other pointing devices -Typically, a mouse is used only in graphical environments like X. However, several LINUX applications that are not associated with a graphical environment also use mice. LINUX supports standard serial mice like Logitech, MM series, Mouseman, Microsoft (2-button), and Mouse Systems (3-button). LINUX also supports Microsoft, Logitech, and ATIXL bus mice, and the PS/2 mouse interface. Pointing devices that emulate mice, like trackballs and touchpads, should work also. CD-ROM drives LINUX supports many common CD-ROM drives attach to standard IDE controllers. Another common interface for CD-ROM is SCSI. SCSI support includes multiple logical units per devices. Additionally, a few proprietary interfaces, like the NEC CDR-74, Sony CDU-541 and CDU-31a, Texel DM-3024, and Mitsumi are supported. LINUX supports the standard ISO 9660 file system for CD-ROMs, and the High Sierra file system extensions. Tape drives Any SCSI tape drive, including quarter inch, DAT, and 8MM are supported, if the SCSI controller is supported. Devices that connect to the floppy controller like floppy tape drives are supported as well, as are some other interfaces, like QIC-02. Printers LINUX supports the complete range of parallel printers. If MS-DOS or some other operating system can access your printer from the parallel port, LINUX should be able to access it, too. LINUX printer software includes the UNIX standard lp and lpr software. This software allows you to print remotely via a network. LINUX also includes software that allows most printers to handle PostScript files. Modems As with printer support, LINUX supports the full range of serial modems, both internal and external. A great deal of telecommunications software is available for LINUX, including Kermit, pcomm, minicom, and seyon. If your modem is accessible from another operating system on the same machine, you should be able to access it fr om LINUX with no difficulty. Ethernet cards Many popular Ethernet cards and LAN adaptors are supported by LINUX. LINUX also supports some FDDI, frame relay, and token ring cards, and all Arcnet cards. A list of supported network cards is generally included in the kernel source of the distribution. Installation Each Linux distrribution has its own setup utility, every one vastly different from all the others. This makes it very difficult if not impossible to write a general step by step Linux installation manual. The closest thing in existence is the â€Å"Linux Installation and Getting Started Guide†, which should be included in HTML format with every Linux distribution, and is available online thanks to the â€Å"Linux Documentation Project†. This book contains a fairly good comparison of the major distributions and an outline of the installation process for each one. It also covers the basic technical concepts you need to understand during installation, and covers s ome issues of usability following the install. X WindowsThe X Window System, or simply X, is a standard graphical user interface (GUI) for UNIX machines and is a powerful environment, which supports many applications. Using the X Window System, you can have multiple terminal windows on the screen at once, each having a different login session. A pointing device like a mouse is often used with X, although it is not required. Many X-specific applications have been written, including games, graphics and programming utilities, and documentation tools. LINUX and X make your system a bona fide workstation. With TCP/IP networking, your LINUX machine can display X applications running on other machines. The X Window System was originally developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and is freely distributable. Many commercial vendors have distributed proprietary enhancements to the original X Window System as well. The version of X for LINUX is XFree86, a port of X11R6, which is f reely distributable. XFree86 supports a wide range of video hardware, including VGA, Super VGA, and accelerated video adapters. XFree86 is a complete distribution of the X Windows System software, and contains the X server itself, many applications and utilities, programming libraries, and documents. Standard X applications include xterm, a terminal emulator used for most text-based applications within a window, xdm, which handles logins, xclock, a simple clock display, xman, a X-based manual page reader, and xmore. There are manu other application written which includes spreadsheets, word processors, graphics programs, and web browsers like the Netscape Navigator. Theoretically, any application written for X should compile cleanly under LINUX. The interface of the X Window System is controlled largely by the window manager. This user-friendly program is in charge of the placement of windows, the user interface for resizing and moving them, changing windows to icons, and the appeara nce of window frames, among other tasks. XFree86 includes twm, the classic MIT window manager, and advanced window managers like the Open Look Virtual Window Manager (olvwm) are available. Popular among LINUX users is fvwma small window manager that requires less than half the memory of twm. It provides a 3-dimensional appearance for windows and a virtual desktop. The user moves the mouse to the edge of the screen, and the desktop shifts as though the display was much larger than it really is. fvwm is greatly customizable and allows access to functions from the keyboard as well as mouse. Many LINUX distributions use fvwm as the standard window manager. A version of fvwm called fvwm95-2 offers Microsoft Windows 95-like look and feel. The XFree86 distribution includes programming libraries for programmers who wish to develop X applications. Widget sets like Athena, Open Look, and Xaw3D are supported. All of the standard fonts, bitmaps, manual pages, and documentation are included. PEX (a programming interface for 3-dimensional graphics) is also supported. Many X application programmers use the proprietary Motif widget set for development. Several vendors sell single and multiple user licenses for binary versions of Motif. Because Motif itself is relatively expensive, not many LINUX users own it. However, binaries statically linked with Motif routines can be freely distributed. NetworkingLINUX supports two primary UNIX networking protocols: TCP/IP and UUCP. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the networking paradigm which allows systems all over the world to communicate on a single network, the Internet. With LINUX, TCP/IP, and a connection to the Internet, you can communicate with users and machines via electronic mail, Usenet news, and FTP file transfer. Most TCP/IP networks use Ethernet as the physical network transport. LINUX supports many popular Ethernet cards and interfaces for personal computers, including pocket and PCMCIA Etherne t adapters. However, because not everyone has an Ethernet connection at home, LINUX also supports SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) and PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), which provide Internet access via modem. Many businesses and universities provide SLIP and PPP servers. In fact, if your LINUX system has an Ethernet connection to the Internet and a modem, your system can become a SLIP or PPP server for other hosts. NFS (Network File System) lets your system seamlessly share file systems with other machines on the network. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) lets you transfer files with other machines. sendmail sends and receives electronic mail via the SMTP protocol; C-News and INN are NNTP based new systems; and telnet, rlogin, and rsh let you log in and execute commands on other machines on the network. finger lets you get information about other Internet users. LINUX also supports Microsoft Windows connectivity via Samba and Macintosh connectivity with AppleTalk and LocalTalk. Support for Novells IPX protocol is also included. The full range of mail and newsreaders is available for LINUX, including elm, pine, rn, nn, and tin. Whatever your preference, you can configure a LINUX system to send and receive electronic mail and news from all over the world. The system provides a standard UNIX socket-programming interface. Virtually any program that uses TCP/IP can be ported to LINUX. The LINUX X server also supports TCP/IP, and applications running on other systems may use the display of your local system. UUCP (UNIX-to-UNIX Copy) is an older mechanism to transfer files, electronic mail, and electronic news between UNIX machines. Historically, UUCP machines are connected over telephone lines via modem, but UUCP is able to transfer data over a TCP/IP network as well. If you do not have access to a TCP/IP network or a SLIP or PPP server, you can configure your system to send and receive files and electronic mail using UUCP. System Administration LINUX differentiates be tween different users. What they can do to each other and the system is regulated. File permissions are arranged so that normal users cannot delete or modify files in directories like /bin and /usr/bin. Most users protect their own files with the appropriate permissions so that other users cannot access or modify them. Each user is given an account that includes a user name and home directory. In addition, there are special, system defined accounts which have special privileges. The most important of these is the root account, which is used by the system administrator. By convention, the system administrator is the user, root. There are no restrictions on root. He or she can read, modify, or delete any file on the system, change permissions and owner-ships on any file, and run special programs like those which partition a hard drive or create file systems. The basic idea is that a person who cares for the system logs in as root to perform tasks that cannot be executed as a normal us er. Because root can do anything, it is easy to make mistakes that have catastrophic consequences. If a normal user tries inadvertently to delete all of the files in /etc, the system will not permit him or her to do so. However, if root tries to do the same thing, the system does not complain at all. It is very easy to trash a LINUX system when using root. Picture the root account as a special, magic hat that gives you lots of power, with which you can, by waving your hands, destroy entire cities. It is a good idea to be a bit careful about what you do with your hands. Because it is easy to wave your hands in a destructive manner, it is not a good idea to wear the magic hat when it is not needed, despite the wonderful feeling. The best way to prevent accidents is to sit on your hands before you press â€Å"Enter† for any command that is non-reversible. Conclusion After LINUX 1.0 was released, work was done on several enhancements. LINUX 1.2 included disk access speedups, TTY improvements, virtual memory enhancements, multiple platform support, quotas, and more. LINUX 2.0 has even more enhancements, including many performance improvements, several new networking protocols, one of the fastest TCP/IP implementations in the world, and far, far more. Even higher performance, more networking protocols, and more device drivers are available in LINUX 2.2. In the final analysis, the greatest irony behind the LINUX phenomenon may be its reliance on the same principal upon which Microsoft has relied: the bottom line. While Microsofts bottom line has led to incomplete and disfunctional software, cutting corners, buyouts and legal wrangling, the LINUX bottom line, in financial terms, remains ultimately advantageous. In LINUX, the bottom line is zero. Zero dollars, zero lawsuits, zero buyouts, and zero political concerns. Because LINUX, by its v ery nature, has avoided nearly every concern with which Microsoft has struggled recently, LINUX appears to have a clear advantage, especially when the technical superiority of the LINUX operating system is considered as well. LINUX may very well be the operating system of choice in the future at its features and performance clearly outguns that of Windows NT. On the other hand, Windows NT do offer a more â€Å"user-friendly† environment than LINUX. References http://www.zdnet.com/sr/stories/news/0,4538,2196115,00.html http://www.zdnet.com/sr/stories/news/0,4538,2196106,00.html http://www.microsoft.com/windows/dailynews/042199.htm http://www.itweb.co.za/sections/enterprise/1999/9904221410.asp http://lwn.net/1999/features/MindCraft1.0.phtml http://linuxtoday.com/stories/5424.html http://www.opensource.org/halloween1.html http://www.opensource.org/halloween2.htmlhttp://www.gnome.org http://www.kde.org http://www.ocean.odu.edu/ug/shell_help.html http://www.perl.com/pace/pub,http://www.perl.org http://www.python.org http://www.tcltk.com http://gnu.internexus.net/software/guile/index.html http://www.applelinks.com/warpcore/apr99/wc-8.shtmlEckel, George. (1995). Building a Linux Server. Indianapolis, IN: New Rider Publishing. Red Hat Software, Inc. (1998). The Complete red hat LINUXinstallation Guide. North Carolina: Research Triangle Park.

History 101 Flashcard

History 101

Frank LLoyd Wright and Architecture essays

Frank LLoyd Wright and Architecture essays Frank Lloyd Wright (1869-1959) is easily the most famous architect in history. His career (seventy years) spanned the entire development of modern architecture and was very important in shaping it despite his refusal to join the prominent architectural associations of his day. His buildings stand as a monument to the genius and inventiveness, which he brought to every aspect of his work. Frank Lloyd Wright is the most original and innovative, but he never attended an architecture school. As a child, he worked on his uncles farm in Wisconsin and described himself as an American primitive, an innocent but clever country boy whose education on the farm made him more perceptive and more down-to-earth. Early in life, I had to choose between honest and hypocritical humility. I choose the farmer and have seen no occasion to change.(Frank Lloyd Wright. Delmars.com). When Wright was fifteen years old, he entered the University of Wisconsin as a special student. He studied engineering because the school had no course in architecture. He left school after a few semesters and apprenticed with J.L. Silsbee and Louis Sullivan. After working with Sullivan for six years, Wright opened his own practice. During his seventy-year career, Wright designed 1,141 buildings, including homes, offices, churches, schools, libraries, bridges and museums. Of these designs, 532 were completed and 409 still stand.(FrankLloydWright.org). Wright pioneered a long, low style known as the Prairie house. He experimented with obtuse angles and circles, creating unusually shaped structures such as the spiral Guggenheim Museum (1943-1949). He developed a series of low cost homes, which he called Usonian. Most importantly, he changed the way people think about interior space- Space is the breath of art. Wright was married three times and had seven children. His work was controversial and his private life...

Differences Between the Disease Model and the Harm Reduction Model Research Paper

Differences Between the Disease Model and the Harm Reduction Model - Research Paper Example Sheff) and his father’s perspective. Both books (Beautiful Boy by David Sheff and Tweak, by Nick Sheff) avail a fascinating perspective on addiction, and how it is a family disease affecting afflicted member, as well as all who interact with the person. The disease model of addiction stipulates that individuals addicted to alcohol and other drugs possess a chronic disease that can never be cured, although it can be contained. The model holds that the ideal outcome for individuals with addiction is total abstinence, since anyone who still uses any quantity of drugs continues to activate the strong cravings for drugs of choice. The disease model defines alcoholism and any other drug addiction as a biogenetic disease in need of treatment. Disease model is less stigmatizing compared to moral model and, thus, represents an advantage. Nevertheless, both models perceive the user as powerless over consumption and emphasize abstinence as the only feasible means of recovery. According to the disease model, chemical dependency represents a psychosocial phenomenon (Wormer, 1999). The disease model comes out as scientifically and morally correct and effective with motivated clients. Disease model perceives alcoholism or any other drug use as irreversible and the drug user as a person having an abnormal condition. Disease model holds that addiction is a biologically-based syndrome embracing psychological and social components that influence its expression. The model holds that predisposition to addiction is invisible and can be inherited. Other assumptions of the model include the premise that addiction remains dormant (in remission) unless reactivated by alcohol/drug use. The model stipulates that if left unattended, the disease becomes progressively worse, leading to disability and death. Disease model holds that disease is generic to all psychoactive substances regardless of the distinct substances that the individual may happen to choose (Marlatt &

Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Operation Management - Essay Example The Assemble to Order products are really not prevalent in this category. These products include dustbin, laundry powder, floor sweeper, vacuum cleaner, steam cleaner, trash cans etc. These products are available on the shelves as Make to Stock products only except for special cases. Drapery, curtains and linen are the furnishings. An Assemble to order approach would be the best for these items where clothes are bought from the market while a tailor is employed for stitching as per the dimensions of the house. Hardwares comprise of handles, channels, rods, locks and holdbacks. These products are available as Make to Stock products and it doesn’t make sense to go for other manufacturing strategies unless special requirements have to be met. Brooms, ladders, cupboards and mops are a part of this group. This is a group of items where all 3 manufacturing strategies can be used. Ladders and cupboards can be designed through all 3 strategies while brooms and mops are best to buy as Make to Stock products. Sources of lighting and fans are available in the market. However, they have to be customized according to specific needs. So Make to Stock and Assemble to Order strategies could work here. For example, Air coolers are designed using Assemble to Order strategy many times. Modular kitchens are the norm of the day. These are designed using Make to order manufacturing. However, several accessories such as faucets, taps, crockery stand and others are available as Make to Stock products. The idols can be in form of metal, stone, wood or photo frames. While most people go for readymade idols some may actually decide to build an idol on wall in stone i.e. they may go for make to order

Why Is Budgeting Important Accounting Essay

Why Is Budgeting Important Accounting Essay A budget  could be an elaborated  set up, expressed in quantitative terms that specifies  however  resources  are going to be  non-heritable  and used  throughout  such  amount  of your time. The procedures  wont to  develop a budget  represent  a budgeting system. Budgeting systems have  5  primary purposes: (1)  coming up with, (2) facilitating communication and coordination, (3) allocating resources, (4)  dominant  profit and operations and (5) evaluating performance and providing incentives.   Budgeting is simply balancing your expenses with your income. If they dont balance and you spend more than you make, you will have a problem. Many people dont realize that they spend more than they earn and slowly sink deeper into debt every year. If  you do not  have enough  cash  to try to to  everything  youd  prefer to  do, then  youll be able to  use this  coming up with  method  to  rank  your  defrayment  and focus your  cash  on  the items  that  area unit  most significant  to you. Why is Budgeting  Important? Since budgeting  permits  you  to make  a  defrayment  set up  for your  cash, it ensures  that you simply  can  invariably  have enough  cash  for  the items  you would like  and therefore the  things that  area unit  vital  to you. Following a budget or  defrayment  set up  also will  keep you out of debt or  assist you  work your  solution  of debt if  youre  presently  in debt. What  are  Budget  statement  and Planning? Once you  produce  your  initial  budget, begin to use it  and find  a decent  grieve  however  it  will  keep your finances  on the right track,  youll  wish  to  plan  your  defrayment  set up  or  allow  vi  months to a year down the road. By doing this  youll be able to  simply  forecast  that  months your finances  is also  tight and  which of them  youll need  more money.  Youll be able to  then  search for  ways in which  to even out the highs and lows in your finances  so  things  are often  a lot of  manageable and pleasant. Extending your budget out into  the long run  conjointly  permits  you to forecast  what proportion  cash  youll  be  able to  then again  vital  things like your vacation,  a replacement  vehicle, your  initial  home or home renovations,  associate  emergency  bank account  or your retirement.  Employing a  realistic budget to forecast your  defrayment  for the year  will  very  assist you  together with your  long run  monetary  coming up with.  Youll be able to  then  build  realistic assumptions  concerning  your annual financial gain  and expense and  set up  for  long run  monetary  goals like  beginning  your own business,  shopping for  associate  investment or recreation property or retiring. Budget preparation   Firstly,  verify  the principal budget  issue.  This is often  conjointly  called  the key budget  issue  or limiting budget  issue  associated  is that the  issue  which is able to  limit the activities of an  endeavor. This limits output, e.g. sales, material or labor.   a) Sales budget: this involves  a practical  sales forecast.  This is often  ready  in units  of every  product and  conjointly  in sales  worth.  Ways  of sales  statement  include:   †¢Ã‚  sales department  opinions †¢Ã‚  research †¢Ã‚  applied math  ways  (correlation analysis and examination of trends) †¢ mathematical models. In  exploitation  these techniques consider:   †¢ companys  evaluation  policy †¢ general economic and political conditions †¢ changes  within the  population †¢ competition †¢ consumers  financial gain  and tastes †¢ advertising and  different  commercial  techniques †¢Ã‚  when  sales service †¢ credit terms offered. b) Production budget: expressed in quantitative terms  solely  and is  intermeshed  to the sales budget.  the assembly  managers duties include:   †¢ analysis of plant  activity †¢ work-in-progress budgets. If  needs  exceed  capability  one may:   †¢ subcontract †¢Ã‚  set up  for overtime †¢ introduce shift work †¢Ã‚  rent  or  purchase  further  machinery †¢ the materials purchases budgets  each  quantitative and  monetary. c) Raw materials  and buying  budget:   †¢ the materials usage budget is in quantities. †¢ The materials purchases budget is  each  quantitative and  monetary. Factors influencing a) and b) include:   †¢ production  needs †¢Ã‚  coming up with  stock levels †¢Ã‚  space for storing †¢ trends  of fabric  costs. d) Labor budget: is  each  quantitative and  monetary.  This is often  influenced by:   †¢ production  needs †¢ man-hours  offered †¢ grades of labor  needed †¢ wage rates (union agreements) †¢Ã‚  the requirement  for incentives. e)  Money  budget: a  money  set up  for  an outlined  amount  of your time. It summarizes monthly receipts and payments. Hence, it highlights monthly surpluses and deficits of actual  money. Its main uses are:   †¢Ã‚  to keep up  management  over a firms  money  needs, e.g. stock and debtors   †¢ to  alter  a firm  to require  precaution  measures and  prepare  ahead  for investment and loan facilities whenever  money  surpluses or deficits arises   †¢Ã‚  to point out  the  practicality  of managements plans in  money  terms   †¢Ã‚  parenthetically  the  monetary  impact of changes in management policy, e.g.  modification  of credit terms offered to customers. Receipts  of money  could  return  from  one in all  the following:   †¢Ã‚  money  sales †¢ payments by debtors †¢ the sale of  mounted  assets †¢Ã‚  the problem  of latest  shares †¢ the receipt of interest and dividends from investments. Payments  of money  is also  for one or  a lot of the following:   †¢ purchase of stocks †¢ payments of wages or  different  expenses †¢ purchase of capital  things. †¢ Payment of interest, dividends or taxation. TYPES OF BUDGET. Master Budget A master budget  could be a  comprehensive projection of  however  management expects to conduct all aspects of business over the budget  amount,  sometimes  a  twelvemonth. The master budget summarizes projected activity by  means  of a  money  budget, budgeted  earnings report  and budgeted  record. Most master budgets  embrace  interconnected  budgets from  the assorted  departments. Managers  usually  use these  set  budgets to  set up  and set performance objectives. Master budgets  area unit  typically  employed in  larger businesses  to stay  several  managers on  an equivalent  page. Operational Budgets The operational budget covers revenues and expenses  encompassing  the  day-after-day  core business of  an organization. Revenues represent sales of  merchandise  and services; expenses  outline  prices the prices}  product of products}  sold  additionally  as overhead and  body  costs directly  associated with  manufacturing  goods and services.  Whereas  budgeted annually,  in operation  budgets  area unit  sometimes  softened  into smaller  news  periods,  like  weekly or monthly. Managers compare  in progress results to budget throughout the year,  coming up with  and adjusting for variations in revenue. Cash Flow Budget An  income  budget examines the inflows and outflows  of money  in an exceedingly  business on a  day-after-day  basis. It predicts a companys ability  to require  in additional  cash  than it pays out. Managers monitor  income  budgets to pinpoint shortfalls between expenses and sales times  once  finance  is also  required  to hide  overheads.  Income  budgets  conjointly  counsel  production cycles and inventory levels  so  a companys resources  area unit  offered  for activity, not sitting idle on warehouse shelves. Financial Budget a  monetary  budget outlines  however  a business receives and spends  cash  on  a company  scale,  as well as  revenues from core business  and  financial gain  and  prices  from capital expenditures. Managing assets  like  property, buildings, investments and major  instrumentality  could  have  a big  impact  on the  monetary  health of  an organization,  significantly  through the peaks and troughs of daily business.  Government  managers use  monetary  budgets to leverage  finance  and  worth  the corporate  for mergers and public offerings of stock. Static Budget A static budget contains  components  wherever  expenditures  stay  unchanged with variations to sales levels. Overhead  prices  represent one  kind of  static budget,  however  these budgets  are not  confined to  ancient  overhead expenses. Some departments  could  have  a set  quantity  of cash  set in budget to  pay, and  its  up to managers  to create  positive  such amounts  area unit  spent  while not  going over-budget. This condition  happens  habitually  publicly  and  noncommercial  sectors,  wherever  organizations or departments  area unit  funded  for the most part  by grants. IS BUDGET NECESSARY? Many business  house owners  fail  to line  a budget and dont  think about  this to be  vital  for them. They either  assume  theyre  not  sufficiently big  to want  one or  they need  one in their head. So, why is it  vital  for each  business  to line  a budget? A budget  is that the  success  set up  for a business.  Because the  notable  locution  says: Those  UN agency  fail to  set up,  commit to  fail. A budget helps  you propose  to succeed in  goals  at intervals  your business,  ensuring  {you  area unit youre} earning the  financial gain  you wish  and are  up to speed  of  the prices  associated with  that  financial gain. Firstly,  you would like  to grasp  what percentage  items/hours  you want to  sell per month  to succeed in  your goal  financial gain.  This is often  phased over a  twelve  month  amount. If  youre  presently  unable  to figure  out this  a part of  however  youll  earn your goal  financial gain, then  youre  not setting your business up  for achievement. Secondly,  you would like  to match  the prices  associated with  your goal  financial gain  so as  to realize  that goal. If youre a service  primarily based  trade,  youll  have direct  prices  associated with  every  hour  that you simply  charge out.  You would like  to figure  out  specifically  what proportion  every  hour  really  prices  you i.e. subcontractor/staff  prices, rent, electricity and  different  regular  prices  like  subscriptions and memberships. By having a firm  set up  in situ  youll be able to  simply  see, over the year,  during which  months  youre  creating  a profit and  youll be able to  track this against  every  individual month  to examine  however  your business  really  performed in  reference to  your budget.  After you  area unit  able to  see what you planned and what  really  happened,  youll  then be  able to  simply  establish  any  variations  Ã‚  wherever  they occurred, why they happened  and the way  youll be able to  alter  your budget or defrayment  to induce  on the right track. As the business owner  you recognize  your business  and may  return  up with the answers  you would like.  Youre  the one  UN agency  can  understand  if  theres  a  seasonal  impact, a  modification  within the  economy, or  the other  relevant variables. Remember, if  you are doing  not have  management  over your  prices  you wont  understand  if  youre  on the right track  to your goal profit. A budget  conjointly  helps you  to spot  the quality  for  income  at intervals  your business.  you cannot  maintain  income  while not  setting  an inspiration  in terms of  whats  happening  together with your  financial gain  and expenses. So setting a budget  is absolutely  vital  for creating  positive  you  accomplish  the profit  and clearly  the  money  flows  that you simply  wish  in your business.

John Cena

John Felix Anthony Cena[1] (born April 23, 1977)[4] is an American professional wrestler and actor. He is currently signed to WWE. [8] In WWE, Cena has won 19 championships in total, including 12 world titles (having won the WWE Championship a record 10 times[9] and the World Heavyweight Championship twice). In addition, Cena has also won the WWE United States Championship three times,[10] and is a four-time Tag Team Champion, having held the World Tag Team Championship twice (once each with Shawn Michaels and Batista),[11] and the WWE Tag Team Championship twice (once each with David Otunga and The Miz).Cena also won the 2008 Royal Rumble match, the 2012 Money in the Bank contract for the WWE Title, and is a two-time Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner (2009 and 2010). [12] He is the longest-reigning WWE Champion of the 2000s, having held the title for 380 days from 2006-2007, and also has the fourth highest number of combined days as WWE Champion behind Bob Backlund, Hulk Hog an and Bruno Sammartino. Cena is the only man to fail to capture a world title upon cashing in a Money in the Bank contract.Cena started his professional wrestling career in 2000, wrestling for Ultimate Pro Wrestling, where he held the UPW Heavyweight Championship. In 2001, Cena signed a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) where he held the OVW Heavyweight Championship and the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (with Rico Constantino). Outside of wrestling, Cena has released the rap album You Can't See Me, which debuted at No. 5 on the US Billboard 200 chart, and starred in the feature films The Marine (2006), 12 Rounds (2009), and Legendary (2010). [13] Cena has also made appearances on television shows including Manhunt, Deal or No Deal, MADtv, Saturday Night Live, Punk'd, and Psych. Cena was also a contestant on Fast Cars and Superstars: The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race, where he made it to the final round before be ing eliminated, placing third in the overall competition.

Night World : The Chosen Chapter 2

Bating him or doing something with his teeth. Tearing and sucking. Making noises like Pal did when he ate his dog food. For a moment Rashel was frozen. The whole world had changed and everything seemed like a dream. Then she heard somebody screaming and her throat hurt and she knew it was her. And then the tall man looked at her. He lifted his head and looked. And she knew that his face alone was going to give her nightmares forever. Not that he was ugly. But he had hair as red as blood and eyes that shone gold, like an animal's. There was a light in them that was like nothing she had ever seen. She ran then. It was wrong to leave Timmy, but she was too scared to stay. She wasn't brave; she was a baby, but she couldn't help it. She was still screaming as she turned around and darted through the flap in the tent. Almost darted through. Her head and shoulders got outside and she saw the red plastic tubes rising above her-and then a hand clamped on the back of her Gymboree shirt. A big strong hand that stopped her in midflight. Rashel was as helpless as a baby kitten against it. But just as she was dragged back into the tent, she saw something. Her mother. Her mother was coming around the corner of the climbing structure. She'd heard Rashel screaming. Her mother's eyes were big and her mouth was open, and she was moving fast. She was coming to save Rashel. â€Å"Mommeeeeeeeee!† Rashel screamed, and then she was back inside the tent. The man threw her to one side the way a kid at preschool would throw a piece of crumpled paper. Rashel landed hard and felt a pain in her leg that normally would have made her cry. Now she hardly noticed it. She was staring at Timmy, who was lying on the ground near her. Timmy looked strange. His body was like a rag doll's-arms and legs flopped out. His skin was white. His eyes were staring straight up at the top of the tent. There were two big holes in his throat, with blood all around them. Rashel whimpered. She was too frightened to scream anymore. But just then she saw white daylight, and a figure in front of it. Mommy. Mommy was pulling the tent flap open. Mommy was inside, looking around for Rashel. That was when the worst thing happened. The worst and the strangest, the thing the police never believed when Rashel told them later. Rashel saw her mother's mouth open, saw her mother looking at her, about to say something. And then she heard a voice-but it wasn't Mommy's voice. And it wasn't an out-loud voice. It was inside her head. Wait! There's nothing wrong here. But you need to stand very, very still. Rashel looked at the tall man. His mouth wasn't moving, but the voice was his. Her mother was looking at him, too, and her expression was changing, becoming relaxed and . . . stupid. Mommy was standing very, very still. Then the tall man hit Mommy once on the side of the neck and she fell over and her head flopped the wrong way like a broken doll. Her dark hair was lying in the dirt. Rashel saw that and then everything was even more like a dream. Her mother was dead. Timmy was dead. And the man was looking at her. You're not upset, came the voice in her head. You ‘re not frightened. You want to come right here. Rashel could feel the pull of the voice. It was drawing her closer and closer. It was making her still and not afraid, making her forget her mother. But then she saw the tall man's golden eyes and they were hungry. And all of a sudden she remembered what he wanted to do to her. Not me! She jerked away from the voice and dove for the tent flap again. This time she got all the way outside. And she threw herself straight at the gap in the climbing structure. She was thinking in a different way than she had ever thought before. The Rashel that had watched Mommy fall was locked away in a little room inside her, crying. It was a new Rashel who wiggled desperately through the gap in the padded room, a smart Rashel who knew that there was no point in crying because there was nobody who cared anymore. Mommy couldn't save her, so she had to save herself. She felt a hand grab her ankle, hard enough almost to crush her bones. It yanked, trying to drag her back through the gap. Rashel kicked backward with all her strength and then twisted, and her sock came off and she pulled her leg into the padded room. Come back! You need to come back right now! The voice was like a teacher's voice. It was hard not to listen. But Rashel was already scrambling into the plastic tube in front of her. She went faster than she ever had before, hurting her knees, propelling herself with her bare foot. When she got to the first fish-bowl window, I though, she saw a face looking in at her. It was the tall man. He was staring at her. He I banged on the plastic as she went by. Fear cracked in Rashel like a belt. She scrambled I faster, and the knocks on the tube followed her. He was underneath her now. Keeping up with I her. Rashel passed another window and looked down. She could see his hair shining in the sunlight. She could see his pale face looking up at her. And his eyes. Come down, came the voice and it wasn't stem anymore. It was sweet. Come down and we'll go get some ice cream. What kind of ice cream do you like best? Rashel knew then that this was how he'd gotten Timmy into the tent. She didn't even pause in her scrambling. But she couldn't get away from him. He was traveling with her, just under her, waiting for her to come out or get to a place where he could reach in and grab her. Higher. I need to get higher, she thought. She moved instinctively, as if some sixth sense was telling her which way to turn each time she had a choice. She went through angled tubes, straight tubes, tubes that weren't solid at all, but made of woven canvas strips. And finally she got to a place where she couldn't go any higher. It was a square room with a padded floor and netting sides. She was at the front of the climbing structure; she could see mothers and fathers standing and sitting in little groups. She could feel the wind. Below her, looking up, was the tall man. Chocolate brownie? Mint chip? Bubble gum? The voice was putting pictures in her mind. Tastes. Rashel looked around frantically. There was so much noise-every kid in the climbing structure was yelling. Who would even notice her if she shouted? They'd think she was joking around. All you have to do is come down. You know you have to come down sometime. Rashel looked into the pale face turned up to her. The eyes were like dark holes. Hungry. Patient. Certain. He knew he was going to get her. He was going to win. She had no way to fight him. And then something tore inside Rashel and she did the only thing a five-year-old could do against an adult. She shoved her hand between the rough cords that made the netting, scraping off skin. She pushed her whole small arm through and she pointed down at the tall man. And she screamed in a way she'd never screamed before. Piercing shrieks that cut through the happy noise of the other kids. She screamed the way Ms. Bruce at preschool had taught her to do if any stranger ever bothered her. â€Å"Help meeee! Help meeee! That man tried to touch me I† She kept screaming it, kept pointing. And she saw people look at her. But they didn't do anything. They just stared. Lots of faces, looking up at her. Nobody moving. In a way, it was even worse than anything that had happened before. They could hear her, but nobody was going to help her. And then she saw somebody moving. It was a big boy, not quite a grown-up man. He was wearing a uniform like the one Rashel's father used to wear before he died. That meant he was a Marine. He was going toward the tall man, and his face was dark and angry. And now, as if they had only needed this example, other people were moving, too. Several men who looked like fathers. A woman with a cellular phone. The tall man turned and ran. He ducked under the climbing structure, heading toward the back, toward the tent where Rashel's mother was. He moved very fast, much faster than any of the people in the crowd. But he sent words to Rashel's mind before he disappeared completely. See you later. When he was definitely gone, Rashel slumped against the netting, feeling the rough cord bite into her cheek. People down below were calling to her; kids just behind her were whispering. None of it really mattered. She could cry now; it would be okay, but she didn't seem to have any tears. The police were no good. There were two officers, a man and a woman. The woman believed Rashel a little. But every time her eyes would start to believe, she'd shake her head and say, â€Å"But what was the man really doing to Timmy? Baby-doll, sweetie, I know it's awful, but just try to remember.† The man didn't believe even a little. Rashel would have traded them both for the Marine back at the carnival. All they'd found in the tent was her mother with a broken neck. No Timmy. Rashel wasn't sure but she thought the man had probably taken him. She didn't want to think about why. Eventually the police drove her to her Aunt Corinne's, who was the only family she had left now. Aunt Corinne was old and her bony hands hurt Rashel's arms when she clutched her and cried. She put Rashel in a bedroom full of strange smells and tried to give her medicine to make her sleep. It was like cough syrup, but it made her tongue numb. Rashel waited until Aunt Corinne was gone, then she spat it into her hand and wiped her hand on the sheets, way down at the foot of the bed where the blankets tucked in. And then she put her arms around her hunched-up knees and sat staring into the darkness. She was too little, too helpless. That was the problem. She wasn't going to be able to do anything against him when he came back. Because of course he was coming back. She knew what the man was, even if the adults didn't believe her. He was a vampire, just like on TV. A monster that drank blood. And he knew she knew. That was why he'd promised to see her later. At last, when Aunt Corinne's house was quiet, Rashel tiptoed to the closet and slid it open. She climbed the shoe rack and squirmed and kicked until she was on the top shelf above the clothes. It was narrow, but wide enough for her. That was one good thing about being little. She had to use every advantage she had. With her toe, she slid the closet door back shut. Then she piled sweaters and other folded things from the shelf on top of herself, covering even her head. And finally she curled up on the hard bare wood and shut her eyes. Sometime in the night she smelled smoke. She got down from the shelf-falling more than climbing-and saw flames in her bedroom. She never knew exactly how she managed to run through them and get out of the house. The whole night was like one long blurred nightmare. Because Aunt Corinne didn't get out. When the fire trucks came with their sirens and their flashing lights, it was already too late. And even though Rashel knew that he had set the fire-the vampire-the police didn't believe her. They didn't understand why he had to kill her. In the morning they took her to a foster home, which would be the first of many. The people there were nice, but Rashel wouldn't let them hold her or comfort her. She already knew what she had to do. If she was going to survive, she had to make herself hard and strong. She couldn't care about anybody else, or trust anybody, or rely on anybody. Nobody could protect her. Not even Mommy had been able to do that. She had to protect herself. She had to learn to fight.